The Linux-to-SmartOS Cheat Sheet
The things that make SmartOS different from other Unix-like systems generally fall in two categories:
- Similar commands with different names in SmartOS.
- Different procedures for accomplishing similar things in SmartOS.
The following is a list of commands to help Linux users find
equivalent commands in SmartOS and SmartMachines. Note that some
of these are not available within SmartMachines due to permission
restrictions, and some commands, when run in a SmartMachine, return
a subset of the output on the global zone in SmartOS. Also note
that many commands available on Linux are also available on
SmartMachines. For instance, you can use pkgin install top to
install top(1).
This list is derived from http://bhami.com/rosetta.html
We apologize for this table¶
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Linux and SmartOS Commands¶
| TASK / OS | Linux | SmartOS | SmartOS Virtual Instance (zone) |
|---|---|---|---|
| *table key* | * (rh) = Red Hat, Mandrake, SUSE,... * (deb) = Debian, Libranet,... * (fed) = Fedora * (gen) = Gentoo * (md) = Mandrake/Mandriva * (SUSE) = SUSE |
Joyent SmartOS
You can find an open source version at |
Joyent SmartOS zone |
| managing users | useradd usermod userdel adduser chage getent | useradd userdel usermod getent logins groupadd | useradd userdel usermod getent logins groupadd |
| list hardware configuration | arch uname dmesg *(if you're lucky)* cat /var/log/dmesg /proc/* lshw dmidecode lspci lspnp lsscsi lsusb lsmod *(SUSE)* hwinfo /sys/devices/* | arch prtconf [-v] prtpicl [-v] uname psrinfo [-v] isainfo [-v] dmesg iostat -En cfgadm -l /etc/path_to_inst | arch uname psrinfo [-v] isainfo [-v] dmesg iostat -En |
| read a disk label | fdisk -l | fdisk prtvtoc | |
| label a disk | cfdisk fdisk e2label | format prtvtoc fdisk | |
| partition a disk | parted *(if you have it)* cfdisk fdisk pdisk *(on a Mac)* *(deb)* *mac-fdisk* (on a Mac)_ *(md)* _diskdrake | format fmthard rmformat | |
| kernel | /boot/vmlinuz* /boot/bootlx (see /etc/lilo.conf or /boot/grub/menu.lst) | /kernel/genunix /platform/`uname -m`/ kernel/unix kernel modules are in /kernel, /usr/kernel, and /platform/`uname -m`/kernel | Kernel module files not visible within a zone |
| show/set kernel parameters | /proc/* /proc/sys/* sysctl /etc/sysctl.conf | sysdef getconf cat /etc/system ndd mdb -k[w] | sysdef getconf ndd |
| loaded kernel modules | lsmod | modinfo | modinfo |
| load module | modprobe insmod | modload add_drv devfsadm | |
| unload module | rmmod modprobe -r | modunload | |
| startup scripts | /etc/rc* (but may vary) /etc/init.d/ | SMF(5) /etc/rc* /etc/init.d/ svcadm svcs | SMF(5) /etc/rc* /etc/init.d svcadm svcs |
| start/ stop/ config services | *(rh)* _service *(rh)* _chkconfig *(deb)* _sysv-rc-conf | svcs svcadm svccfg | svcs svcadm svccfg |
| shutdown (& power off if possible) | shutdown -Ph now shutdown -y -g0 -i0 halt poweroff | shutdown -y -g0 -i5 halt | shutdown -y -g0 -i5 halt |
| run levels *=normal states *for more detail* *see* [www.phildev.net/runlevels.html](http://www.phildev.net/runlevels.html) | (set in /etc/inittab) 0: halt s,S,1: *vendor-dependent* 1: single-user 2-5*: multiuser 6: reboot | 0: firmware monitor s,S: single-user 1: sys admin 2: multiuser 3*: share NFS 4*: user-defined 5: power-down if possible 6: reboot | s,S: single-user 1: sys admin 2: multiuser 3*: share NFS 4*: user-defined 5: power-down if possible 6: reboot |
| show runlevel | /sbin/runlevel | who -r | who -r |
| time zone info | /usr/share/zoneinfo/ /etc/localtime | /usr/share/lib/zoneinfo/ | /usr/share/lib/zoneinfo |
| check swap space | swapon -s cat /proc/meminfo cat /proc/swaps free | swap -s[h] swap -l[h] | *Note: in a zone, swap is virtual* *memory size* swap -s[h] swap -l[h] |
| bind process to CPU | taskset (sched-utils) | pbind psrset | pbind psrset |
| killing processes | kill killall | kill pkill killall *<- tries to kill everything, DO NOT USE THIS* | kill pkill killall *<- tries to kill everything, DO NOT USE THIS* |
| show CPU info | cat /proc/cpuinfo lscpu | psrinfo -pv | psrinfo -pv |
| memory | freemem | prtconf | head zonememstat | prtconf | head zonememstat |
| "normal" filesystem | ext2 ext3 ReiserFS | zfs | zfs |
| file system description | /etc/fstab | /etc/vfstab | /etc/vfstab |
| create filesystem | mke2fs mkreiserfs mkdosfs mkfs | zfs zpool | zfs (if zone has delegated dataset) |
| file system debugging and recovery | fsck debugfs e2undel | zdb | |
| create non-0-length empty file | dd if=/dev/zero of=*filename* bs=1024k count=*desired* | mkfile | mkfile |
| create/mount ISO image | mkisofs mount -o loop *pathToIso* *mountPoint* | mkisofs;DEVICE=`lofiadm -a /*absolute_pathname*/*image*.iso` ; mount -F hsfs -o ro $DEVICE | |
| ACL management | getfacl setfacl | getfacl setfacl | getfacl setfacl |
| NFS share definitions | /etc/exports | /etc/dfs/dfstab dfshares | |
| NFS share command | /etc/init.d/nfs-server reload_(rh)__ _exportfs -a | share shareall | |
| NFS information | cat /proc/mounts | showmount nfsstat | nfsstat |
| name resolution order | /etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/resolv.conf | /etc/nsswitch.conf getent | /etc/nsswitch.conf getent |
| show network interface info | ifconfig ethtool | dladm ndd ifconfig -a netstat -in | dladm ndd ifconfig -a netstat -in |
| change IP | *Joyent Public Cloud IP addresses are set in the* *[Cloud Management Portal](http://my.joyentcloud.com).* ifconfig | ||
| ping one packet | ping -c 1 *hostname* | ping *hostname* * packetsize 1* | ping *hostname packetsize* 1 |
| sniff network | etherfind tcpdump wireshark (*formerly* _ethereal) etherape | snoop | snoop tcpdump available from pkgin |
| route definitions | *route* *(rh) */etc/sysconfig/network *(rh) */etc/sysconfig/static-routes *(deb)* /etc/init.d/network *(deb)* /etc/network | /etc/defaultrouter /etc/notrouter /etc/gateways in.routed netstat -r route add | /etc/defaultrouter /etc/notrouter /etc/gateways in.routed netstat -r route add |
| telnetd, ftpd banner | /etc/issue.net *(telnet)* *(ftp varies; can use tcp wrappers)* | Use nc instead | Use nc instead |
| set date/time (from net: ntp or other) | ntpdate rdate netdate | ntpdate rdate | ntpdate rdate |
| auditing | auditd /var/log/faillog | audit auditd auditreduce praudit | audit auditd auditreduce praudit |
| encrypted passwords in | /etc/shadow *(may vary)* | /etc/shadow | /etc/shadow |
| min password length | /etc/pam.d/system-auth | /etc/default/passwd | /etc/default/passwd |
| allow/deny root logins | /etc/securetty | /etc/default/login | /etc/default/login |
| firewall config | iptables ipchains ipfwadm *(rh)* redhat-config- securitylevel | /etc/ipf/ipf.conf | /etc/ipf/ipf.conf |
| show installed software | *(rh)* _rpm -a -i *(rh)* _rpm -qa *(rh)* yum list installed *(deb)* dselect *(deb)* aptitude *(deb)* dpkg -l *(gen)* _ls /var/db/pkg/* *(gen)* _eix -I | pkgin list pkgin avail *<- list available installable software* | |
| add software | *(rh)* _rpm -hiv *(rh)* yum install *pkg* *(deb)* dselect *(deb) _apt-get install _pkg* *(deb)* dpkg -i | pkgin install | |
| precompiled binaries* of GPLware and freeware* | [www.linux.org](http://www.linux.org/) [linux.tucows.com](http://linux.tucows.com/) [sourceforge.net](http://sourceforge.net/) [rpmfind.net](http://rpmfind.net/) (deb) [ftp.debian.org](http://ftp.debian.org/) (deb) [packages.debian.org](http://packages.debian.org/) *(gen)* [packages.gentoo.org](http://packages.gentoo.org/) *(gen)* [gentoo-portage.com](http://gentoo-portage.com/); *(md)* [easyurpmi.zarb.org](http://easyurpmi.zarb.org/) | [www.sunfreeware.com](http://www.sunfreeware.com/) [www.blastwave.org](http://www.blastwave.org/) |
|
| C compiler | cc gcc | gcc [https://download.tritondatacenter.com/pub/build/SunStudio.tar.bz2] | gcc (may need to be installed via pkgin) [https://download.tritondatacenter.com/pub/build/SunStudio.tar.bz2](https://download.tritondatacenter.com/pub/build/SunStudio.tar.bz2 ) |
| configure/show runtime linking | ldconfig ldd readelf lsmod | crle ldd elfdump dump pldd modinfo LD_PRELOAD | crle ldd elfdump dump readelf pldd modinfo LD_PRELOAD |
| link library path | $LD_LIBRARY_PATH /etc/ld.so.conf | $LD_LIBRARY_PATH | $LD_LIBRARY_PATH |
| tracing utility | strace ltrace | dtrace truss sotruss | dtrace truss sotruss |
| define user defaults | /etc/profile /etc/security/ /etc/skel/ /etc/profile.d/* | /etc/default/login /etc/profile /etc/security/ | /etc/default/login /etc/profile /etc/security/ |
| csh global .login | /etc/csh.login | /etc/.login | /etc/.login |
| default syslog and messages | /var/log/syslog /var/log/messages /usr/adm/messages /var/log/maillog | /var/adm/messages /var/log/syslog [softpanorama.org/Logs/solaris_logs.shtml](http://softpanorama.org/Logs /solaris_logs.shtml) | /var/adm/messages /var/log/syslog |
| system error reporting tool | dmesg_(deb)_ reportbug | fmadm fmdump prtdiag | fmadm fmdump |
| performance monitoring | vmstat procinfo -D top htop pstree | dtrace prstat sar ostat kstat mpstat netstat nfsstat vmstat lockstat plockstat ptree vfsstat intrstat | dtrace prstat sar ostat kstat mpstat netstat nfsstat vmstat plockstat ptree vfsstat |
| match process to file or port | lsof netstat -atup | fuser pfiles | pfiles fuser lsof |
| zones/containers | zoneadm zonecfg zlogin | zoneadm zonename | |
| Virtualization | kvm/qemu | kvm/qemu (each instance in a kvm branded zone) vmadm imgadm | |
| [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix_variants) | [Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux) | [SmartOS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartOS) [Illumos](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumos) | [SmartOS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartOS) [Illumos](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumos) |
Examples of Different Use Context¶
For example, here are some common Linux commands that work differently.
| Command | What's different on a Smart Machine |
|---|---|
df |
On most SmartOS image this is set up to use the GNU version. Use /usr/bin/df for the native version. |
lsof |
SmartMachines use a different collection of tools to examine processes. See Examining processes and memory later in this topic. |
ping |
Returns whether a host responds or not. Use ping -s to get a continuous response. |
top |
top is available in /opt/local/bin, but prstat -Z provides more zone aware (and more accurate) information than top. |
The Rosetta Stone for Unix is a useful resource to help you see how commands from the version of UNIX you usually work with map to other versions of UNIX.
Examining processes and memory¶
SmartOS provides a suite of tools to examine processes. You can learn
more about them by looking at the proc man page.
| Tool | Description |
|---|---|
prstat |
This tool displays the active processes like top does on Linux systems. prstat -Z will provide you with a summary of your instance's status. |
pgrep |
Returns a list of process IDs (PIDs) of processes that match a pattern or meet certain conditions. |
pkill |
Kills the processes that match a pattern or meet certain conditions. |
pfiles |
Returns a list of all the open files that belong to a process. |
pstack |
Displays a stack trace of the specified process |
ptree |
Displays a process tree for all processes or a given process |
ls /proc |
Lists the process IDs of all running processes. |
You can combine the results of pgrep with the other proc tools. To
list all the files associated with http processes, use this command
instead of lsof:
sudo pfiles $(pgrep http)
To limit the prstat display to http processes, use this command:
prstat $(pgrep -d , http)
The vmstat, mpstat, and psrinfo commands display processor and
memory statistics for the physical machine. Their output is not
generally useful to you as a SmartMachine operator.
Starting and stopping services¶
On other systems, you may be used to starting and stopping servers by
using commands in /etc/init.d. SmartMachines use the Service
Management Facility (SMF) to do this. The svcs and svcadm commands
are the ones you will use most often. Some commands take a service
identifier called an FMRI. You can use the svcs command to list all of
the identifiers for a service.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
svcs |
Lists all the enabled services |
svcs -a |
Lists all of the services, even those that are disabled or off line |
svcadm enable apache |
Enable all of the processes with an apache FMRI |
svcadm disable apache |
Disable all of the processes with an apache FMRI |
svcadm restart apache |
Restart all of the processes with an apache FMRI |
For example, if you make changes to /etc/ssh/sshd_config, restart SSH
like this:
sudo svcadm restart ssh
For more information on SMF, see this topic.